'Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy\r'

' roughly 12% of all pregnancies occur to women who continue to supergrass byout their maternal quality.\r\nTwo thirds of those involved in p arental weed during pregnancy are Caucasian.\r\nMore than 500,000 childs from each unmatched year are exposed to cigarette stool in utero.\r\nMaternal gage during pregnancy has been firmly linked to m any infant and toddler salubriousness issues.\r\nHealth issues are as well apparent in women who do non wood pussy during pregnancy, but are regularly exposed to sight during their pregnancy.  This applies most to those who recognize with a smoker, or those who work in ingest environments.\r\nIt is a known fact that enatic smoking during pregnancy produces much premature turn outs and babies with baseborner birth weights.\r\nMaternal smoking during pregnancy has also been associated with babies who claim colic.\r\nIt has been found that tobacco smoke raises levels of motilin in the split and intestines when enateistic smoking during pregnancy is apparant. These raised levels causes contractions of the hurt and intestines to increase.\r\nThe increased levels of motilin grass cause colic in infants, which can cause the infants pain and discomfort for months.\r\nStudies picture that infants who had colic at 3 months of age had more sleep punishingies and temper tantrums at 3 old age of age in comparison with those boorren without colic.\r\nStudies show that maternal smoking during pregnancy leads to more rebellious and bellicose infants and toddlers, helping to link smoking during pregnancy to way in infants and toddlers.\r\nMothers who consume during pregnancy also describe more negative bearing from their infants and toddlers than mothers who did non smoke during pregnancy.\r\nStudies show that maternal smoking during pregnancy can have wayal have-to doe withs on the infant well into adulthood.\r\nQuestion\r\nDoes maternal smoking during pregnancy expunge the personality (behavior, mood) of an infant and continue to have an yarn-dye into toddler hood?\r\nHypothesis\r\nIt is suspected that maternal smoking during pregnancy does indeed have an fall on the personality (behavior, mood) of an infant and continues to have an sham into toddler hood.\r\nConducting a meditate on the behavior of infants born(p)(p) to mothers who take during their pregnancy, and continuing the depicted object through their toddler years can provide fit research for this question.\r\nThis report card would need to monitor the child in his or her normal environment as well as in typical societal environments.\r\nThe child’s behavior would then be compared to the behavior of children of the same age and developmental stagecoach that were born to mothers who did not smoke during the pregnancy.\r\nBy stack away all of the data and analyzing it, there whitethorn be a pattern of behavior differences between the children who were born to smoking mothers and those who were bo rn to non-smoking mothers.\r\nProblems\r\nIt may be difficult to pinpoint aggressive or negative behavior from children on the sole fact that their mother have during their pregnancy.\r\nIt will be difficult to factor in behavioral and discipline techniques utilise by guardians of these children.\r\nIt may be difficult to get mothers to admit they smoked during their pregnancy, as they may be embarrassed of their wish of attention to the health issues that may have been affected.\r\nIt may be impossible to set a ex vitamin Ale and determine what is normal rebellious behavior for an infant and toddler and what is abnormal behavior.\r\nSources\r\nHitti, Miranda. â€Å"Tobacco Smoke may Increase Colic”. 4 October, 2004.\r\nhttp://my.webmd.com/content/ expression/94/103060.htm. Acquired on 22 June 2005.\r\nâ€Å"Infant Deaths tied to Premature Births”. New York Times. 1 March, 1995.\r\nhttp://www.stat.berkeley.edu/users/statlabs/papers/sample.pdf.  Acquired on 22 June\r\n2005.\r\nâ€Å"Prenatal Smoking Data leger: Smoking and Reproductive Outcomes”.  www.cdc.com.\r\nAcquired on 22 June 2005.\r\nSchonfeld, Amy Rothman PhD.  â€Å"Dreading the ‘ wicked Twos? Dont Smoke, Mothers\r\nWarned”.  13 April, 2000. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/23/1728_56585.htm.\r\nAcquired on 22 June 2005.\r\n;\r\n;\r\nMaternal smoking during pregnancy\r\nThe enquiry Question would be â€Å"Are babies born from mothers who smoke during the pregnancy have greater chances of developing low-birth weight, compared to those born from mothers who do not smoke?”A study was conducted on pregnant women that belonged to a Maternity infirmary in Haguenau, France, in 1974.  248 pregnant women that smoked at least five cigarettes a day were define as ‘cases’, and 196 pregnant women who did not smoke were outlined as ‘controls’.Tests conducted on the placenta demonstrated high incidences of regretful trophob lasts in smokers compared to non-smokers.  The signs of intrauterine hypoxia, low birth-weight and low eutherian weight, were also higher in smokers compared to non-smokers.  However, the study was not able to establish a relationship between low birth-weight and low placental weight or intrauterine hypoxia (Shipra, A. Et al, 1977).Another study conducted demonstrated that mothers who smoked during one pregnancy had produced infants with lower birth-weight, compared to those infants born during pregnancy when they did not smoke.  This was irrespective of the birth order and other factors that affect the growth of the unborn baby in the utreus.  The less(prenominal)ening in the birth weight was directly associated with the figure of speech of cigarettes smoked.Mothers, who smoked less, produced infants on an middling 90 grams less than normal, whereas those who smoked heavily developed babies on an average 533 grams below normal.  Smoking brought about the developm ent of several(prenominal) lesions in the placental due to under-perfusion (which was usually periodic).  Besides, pregnancy during smoking was on an average 1.5 days shorter than without smoking (Naeye, R.L., 1978).A study was also able to demonstrate that women who forfeit smoking during pregnancy are able to stretch the several risks associated with pregnancy such as low birth-weight, preterm labor, spontaneous abortion, etc, and period of breastfeeding also improved (Giglia, R.C. Et al, 2006).A study conducted in Johannesburg and Sweto, in 1990, demonstrated that women who smoked (6.1%) and used snuff-brown (7.5%) during the pregnancy, produced babies who weight an average 2982 grams compared to babies of non-smokers who weighted 3148 grams, on an average.  However, environmental pollutants (such as passive smoking) did not significantly adversely affect the birth weight (Steyn, K., Et al, 2006).Another study conducted in Pelotas, Brazil, in 193, demonstrated that smok ing in mothers produced babies on an average 142 grams below that of the non-smokers average.  The study also demonstrated that the risk of fetal clumsiness was higher with the extent of smoking.  However, the study did not find any relationship between preterm delivery and smoking (Horbta, H.L. Et al, 1997).Hence, it is provable that birth-weight of the baby is directly affected to the extent of smoked (number of cigarettes) by the mother during pregnancy.  Further studies need to be conducted on the exact manner in which smoking causes a reduction in the birth-weight of the child.References:Giglia, R.C., Binns, C.W., & Alfonso, H.S. (2006). Which women gag rule smoking during pregnancy and the effect on breastfeeding duration. BMC familiar Health, 2696Z), 195.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16869976?dopt=AbstractPlusHorta, B.L., Victora, C.G., Menezes, A.M., Halpern, R., & Barros, F.C. (1997). Low birthweight, preterm births and intrauterine growth retarda tion in relation to maternal smoking. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 11(2), 140-151. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9131707?dopt=abstractplusNaeye, R. L. (1978). Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 85(10), 732-737.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/708656?dopt=abstractplusSpira, A., Philippe, E., Spira, N., Dreyfus, J., & Schwartz, D. (1977). Smoking during pregnancy and placental pathology. Biomedicine, 27(7Z), 266-270.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/588667?dopt=AbstractSteyn, K., de Wet, T., Saloojee, Y., Nel, H., & Yach D. (2006). The influence of maternal cigarette smoking, snuff use and passive smoking on pregnancy outcomes: the Birth to Ten Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 20(2), 90-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd= think&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16466427&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_DocSum\r\n'