Financial Fraud Case Study: Stephen Richards

Financial Fraud Case Study Stephen RichardsTable of Contents decision maker summaryProblem StatementCompany all overviewCase AnalysisQuestionsA letter from prisonExecutive summaryThis case study is close to the former global head of sales Stephen Richards at the calculator Associates, Inc. (CA), who is helping a seven year prison sentence for pecuniary pseudo. In addition to this, Stephen Richards responds to the number of the questions asked by the Eurenge Soltes about the responsibilities of the managers as fountainhead as the handling of the financial activities in a letter written to a graduate student. Moreover, Stephen Richards joined the data processor Associates, Inc. (CA) in the year 1988 immediately afterwards graduating. He has achieved continuous promotions in the come with throughout his sequence gunpoint in the information processing system Associates.As, Stephen Richards gets prompted inside two years time stop consonant after his joining to operate new-s prung(prenominal) Zealands and then promoted to the Australian site of the high society. Stephen Richards becomes the vice president of the Pacific region and is a lede regional figure for the Computer Associates, Inc. (CA). The connection has acquired various competitors as well as firms that ar producing complementary software products during the time duration mingled with 1980s and 1990s.In addition to this, the company has around 18,000 employees and subsidiaries in approximately in 100 countries in the late 1990s. The company recorded its NPVof the licensing contract in the shadower when the tax recognition criteria are met in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles regulations.Problem StatementComputer Associates International, Inc. (CA) is currently facing the problems related to the financial taradiddle allegements against the company.As, the company finds it more difficult to accurately forecast the taxs as well as earrings for severally get of their sales targets.Company overviewComputer Associates International, Inc. (CA) is founded by the Charles Wang in the year 1976 in found to meet the maturation needs of the mainframe computing software for IBM electronic computers. Moreover, the company offers a manikin of products that include database, application and financial steering software in order to meet the computing necessities of the businesses. The most of the software products are sold by the sales team of the Computer Associates to the clients who buy a indep differenceence to work the product for a degree between three to ten years.Additionally, Computer Associates provides the software updates and technical support to its clients during the period of licensing. The gift of the licensing charged by the Computer Associates to the clients increases with the length of the contract as well as each redundant licensing year was priced lower as compared to the previous year in order to reflect software old ness.The amount of the fee that is charged by the company to its clients could be amounted to hundreds of thousands of dollars. The Computer Associates distri neverthelesses the revenue enhancements to licensing fees as well as to usage and maintenance fees once the contract of the demonstrate between the company and the client is finalized. Mostly the 80% of the revenue is allocated to the licensing fee.The significant part of the company revenue is normally booked during the final week of the shite. During each quarter the management sets internal sales targets for the sales team with the sales incentives are disposed(p) to the immune pressure to meet these sales targets. The company showed huge addition during the 1990s, even with the challenges and pressures.Case AnalysisThe case analyzes the overall situation of the Computer Associates International Inc. (CA) related to the allegation about the financial snake oil within the company by a few executives of the Computer Ass ociates. The management of the company found it hard to forecast accurate results for the revenues and net for each quarter in the year. As, to begin with the end of the quarter, the management of the company found it incapable to warn the specialists about the unexpected shortfalls in the revenue.Additionally, the various larger contracts resulted in the shortfall in the revenue of the companys products as these contracts are those that are close on the final day of the quarter. Due to the decline in the revenue of the Computer Associates affected the downslope price of the company that reduced the Computer Associates stock by 42%.There is an allegation about the company that is published in an article in the New York Times, and harmonise to this, Computer Associates have excessively implemented the approach of ravening accounting practices in order to boost the earnings. But there are several evidence that proves that all the accounting practices of the company are accordin g to the generally accepted accounting principles.This allegation also gets the attention of the national investigators who showed dissatisf challenge with the internal investigating of the company. Due to this allegation the company has faced lots criticism that greatly impact the standing of the Computer Associates (CA) and requires other slipway to make investigation done efficiently so, the company hire the prestigious law firm in order to investigate more aggressively.It is refractory from the investigation that the few employees of the Computer Associates (CA) had backdated the some of the contracts as well as it also appeared that the revenues related to such contracts had been recognized after the end of the quarter. While, the revenues coupled with these software contracts must be recognized in the in the quarter in which the contract has been signed.Therefore, the three executives of the company are forced to get out the resignations delinquent to this improper rev enue recognition. In addition to this, six executives on with the Richard are caught to be involved in the financial fraud due to which Richard the SEC filed a formal complaint against the Richards and at the same time he resigned from the Computer Associates International Inc.QuestionsHow serious were Stephen Richards actions? Why?Stephen Richardss actions were super seriousRichard in his letter writes that his self and the CEO exerted significant pressures on their team to meet the goals that they had set for themselves also Richard mentions that proceeding was measured by internal goals Stephen Richards actions are nonably serious because he had acquaintance of the wrongdoings and he was in a position to report it, but he chose not to. Richards action together with other CAs executives hard victimized the shareholders as they suffered enormous losings once the practices were revealed. Therefore, Richard was ordered to turn out $29 gazillion in restitution. (Weidlich)manip ulating Computer Associates quarter end cutoff to align CAs reported financial results with market forebodings by violating the generally accepted accounting principles and their financial reporting responsibilities. According to the U.S. Securities and substitution Commission, Richards with other CA executives extended CAs financial quarter, instructed and allowed subordinates to bring off and obtain contracts after quarter end while knowing, or recklessly disregarding the fact that, CA would improperly recognize the revenue from those contracts, and failed to quick CAs Finance or Sales Accounting part that CA salespersons that reported to Richards were obtaining contracts with backdated signatures dates after quarter end. (Release)in accordance with the expectation set by outside parties, analyst community, specifically to meet environ Street quarterly per-share earnings estimates, a key to keeping a companys stock price rising.Richards with the CEO allegedly met routinel y and conferred with each other and with (CFO) during the week following the end of pecuniary periods, including during the insolent period, the three business days after the end of fiscal quarter, to determine whether CA had generated sufficient revenue to meet the quarterly projections, and closed in(p) CAs books only after they determined that CA had generated rich revenue to meet the quarterly projections, this practice, which was sometimes referred to within CA as the 35-day month or the three-day window, violated GAAP and resulted in the register of materially false financial statements. The goal of the 35-day month was to permit CA to report that it met or exceed its projected quarterly revenue and earnings when, in truth, it had not. (DOJ) Referring to the Scheme to Defraud, Richard instructed CA sales managers and salespeople to negotiate and finalize additional license agreements, which were backdated to cover the fact that the agreements had been finalized after the end of the fiscal quarter.At the end, these actions led to overly aggressive accounting practices to boost CAs reported earnings and the managerial use of discretion to greatly catch reported earnings was not only used by Richards, but it had become a company-wide practice. As Mark Director of the SECs Northeast Regional Office, said about CAs fraud Like a team that plays on after the final let the cat out of the bag has blown, Computer Associates kept scoring until it had all points needed to make either quarter look like a win. (Wharton)As the result, CA fraudulently recorded and reported in the earlier quarter revenue associated with the backdated agreements. Stephen Richards actions are notably serious because he had knowledge of the wrongdoings and he was in a position to report it, but he chose not to. Richards action together with other CAs executives seriously victimized the shareholders as they suffered enormous losses once the practices were revealed. Therefore, Richard was ordered to pay $29 million in restitution. (Weidlich)2. If Computer Associates achieved the same financial results through GAAP flexibility, does your repartee to question 1 change?No, with the flexibility of GAAP the risk of enjoyment was that CA could have more likely made reporting misunderstanding that would lead to legal problems and enormous losses. As long as the CAs executives including Richards had the intention of wrongdoing actions they would cause massive losses to the shareholders of the company and to the SEC. Though such manipulations and fraud resulted CA to payback $225 million for the purposes of compensating shareholders for losses arising out of the companys criminal conduct. (DOJ) Seeing that, the evidence and investigation on Computer Associates shows that the CA didnt make false consummation and actual transaction and business deal had happened, but the problem of fraud was that CAs executives were backdating the agreements in order to prematurely rec ognize revenue from contracts that had not yet been executed by both CA and its customers in violation of GAAP.Under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), four conditions were undeniable to be met in order for revenue associated with a software license agreement to be recognized 1- persuasive evidence of an arrangement was unavoidable to have existed, 2- delivery of the licensed products was needed to have occurred, 3- the license fee was required to have been fixed or determinable, 4- the collectability of the license fee was required to have been probable.3. Suppose you were placed in Stephen Richards position at computer Associates and were under pressure to extend the fiscal quarter. How would you handle the situation other than? What would be the expected consequences?I would not have extended the fiscal quarters of knowingly or encourage the backdating of agreements, regardless of the overwhelming pressures by the Wall Street estimates which Richard points to ana lyst community in his letter. CA on a regular basis issued public predications at the outset of each fiscal quarter of the revenue and earnings it expected to earn during that quarter. Based on these predictions, professional stock analyst estimated what they believed would be CAs total revenue during the period and predicted the earnings per share of CA stock. CAs executives including Richards unders withald that CAs failure to meet or exceed the consensus estimate for a quarter would likely result in a substantial falling off in the companys stock price. (NY) I think too more emphasis was placed on the achieving financial gains improperly, for Richards and other members of management, without be after the proper ethical and legal strategy necessary to achieve CAs goals for success.Performance measurement was a key level of fill in this case which alerted the key ingredients for financial statement fraud and fraud triangle. The sales managers and salespeople were used as enable rs to negotiate and finalize additional license agreement while keeping the accounting books open after the end of the fiscal quarter. Richard also emphasizes on the compensation is important, but the recognition of your performance is sometimes even more important.Actually, according to Richard in his email he writes that we have created a performance driven culture without the necessary tame framework for people to operate within this shows that there was no genuine structure as far as milestones for growth. That is how CA pushed as much as to reach its goal of estimated earnings regardless of considering any find out or regulation type of culture attitude, which led CA to tragic results relating from poor decision making and lack of organizational structure and control. instead CA could have placed better accounting controls to recognize and issued possible and accurate public predications at the outset of each fiscal quarter of the revenue and earnings it expected to earn d uring that quarter, this way they would have not faced the legal troubles that they led themselves to. Even in such a situation for a healthy company to minimize the risk of this downward(prenominal) slide is encouraging and protecting whistleblowers. That way, problems are addressed internally- well before they become big enough to drag the entire company over the cliff.

Marketing Needs And Challenges Of Small Businesses Marketing Essay

trade Needs And Challenges Of Small Businesses Marketing evidenceIntroductionThis under return deals with the merchandising compulsions and challenges of dwarfish subscriber linees, with particular consider to the differences in these atomic number 18as between elegant and big firms.Small commercees ar steadily increasing their contribution to the economies of the fractureed nations. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) currently tin employment to to a greater extent than 33% of the UK labour force and throwaway for honorable about less than 50% of the countrys total private sector business unloosenover (Longenecker, et al, 2005). The teensy sector is for all practical purposes driven by the energy, motivation, and drive of entrepreneurial possessors, rather than by the abilities and skills of holdly educated and accomplished professional managers (Odaka Sawai, 1999). Small business birthers argon driven to rig their organisations by reasons homogeneous entre preneurial zeal, the desire for independence in employing and finish making, craving for wealth, and the need to exploit original and innovative ideas and concepts for intersection points and serve (Odaka Sawai, 1999). much(prenominal) entrepreneurs play vital roles in the economies of their nations, assume heterogeneous available and fiscal risks, and face exhausting business challenges in their quest for business victor (Odaka Sawai, 1999).One of their about important challenges lies in the argona of merchandising. All businesses need to successfully sell their increases and services to customers in order to achieve business success and competitive advantage, and baseborn businesses be no exception to this overshadow (Pelham Clayson, 1998). Whilst grocery success is coercive for the operational and financial success and reaping of teensy-weensy and entrepreneurial firms, such(prenominal)(prenominal) organisations face numerous complex and exhausting cha llenges in the pursuit of such objective (Pelham Clayson, 1998). The selling environments and challenges of clarified firms are signifi outhousefultly unlike from those of capaciousr organisations. such(prenominal) differences arise on account of various reasons like intersection point range, geographical distribution, pricing considerations, customer segmentation, and availableness of funds (Pelham Clayson, 1998). Much of the success of the owners of small enterprises stems from their ability to recognise and whip such challenges and formulate appropriate and effective merchandising programs and strategies for their harvest-festivals and services (Pelham Clayson, 1998).This essay examines the important differences between the market challenges and options of small and big firms, the various dimensions of the merchandise environments of small firms and the various challenges they are credibly to encounter in the trail of their business. The study in any case invest igates the ways and means that can be utilise by small organisations to efficaciously market their products and services, and attempts to recommend the best ways and means for small entrepreneurs and business owners to improve the effectiveness of their trade efforts and grow their competitive advantage.The Importance of Marketing for Small BusinessesThe establishment and growth of small businesses is driven by the zeal and en thuslyiasm of single entrepreneurs (Odaka Sawai, 1999). These individuals wish to develop and build independent enterprises and ofttimes feel that they shit product or service with unique and specific attributes that pass on appeal to customers (Odaka Sawai, 1999). Such entrepreneurs are characterised by their optimism, enthusiasm and belief and conviction in their ideas, as similarly by their confidence in their ability to achieve their objectives. They however wage with numerous constraints that stem from factors like scarcity of physical and fin ancial resources, peculiar(a) workforce, absence of experienced and specialist executives, and lack of completed markets (Casson, et al, 2006). Few, if any of these entrepreneurs establish new organisations with firm and ready customers. Even operating small businesses work in similarly ticklish and challenged plenty (Casson, et al, 2006).Whilst it is undoubtedly appreciated by all small business owners that the ultimate operational and financial successes of their enterprises, as withal the maintenance and enhancement of competitive advantage, is significantly dependent upon their merchandising sales performance, very few of such business people are able to effectively locate, counsel upon, and exploit market opportunities by dint of the formula and execution of appropriate merchandise strategies (Sadler-Smith, et al, 2003). The intentions and plans of small entrepreneurs and business owners to enhance their selling effectiveness and sales performance are strained by n umerous challenges and obstacles, some of which occur beca rehearse of internal weaknesses and others on account of environmental circumstances (Sadler-Smith, et al, 2003).Small and large businesses differ in numerous ways. Large businesses, as yet out if they are recently established, are supported with strong financial resources from individual stockholders and financial institutions (Voss, et al, 2002). Other established and older large businesses furthermore flip numerous organisational strengths that stem from extensive and developed production facilities, high look organisational talent, research and development abilities and expertise, access to specialist advisers and consultants, extensive product range, established working processes for maintenance and improvement of quality, economies of descale, greater market reach, operations in contrasting geographic locations, established market name and image, and intumesce cognize brands (Voss, et al, 2002).Whilst all large organisations may not possess all these strengths and attributes, it is difficult to conceive many of them would have achieved significant growth in size and scale and still continue to be without many of these features (Welsch, 2003). Such strengths and attributes inter premix to provide large organisations with exceptional market advantages in terms of brisk customer base, strong customer bloods, greater range of products and services, good product quality, seductive pricing, geographical reach, and brand recall (Welsch, 2003).Small businesses are comparably disadvantaged on many fronts (Weinrauch, et al, 1991). Most of them have restricted product ranges and whilst their operational be are take down than those of larger businesses, they are inefficient to access economies of scale and sustain prices that are truly competitive and attractive (Weinrauch, et al, 1991). Such businesses in addition suffer from lack of uniform and appropriately designed working processes and quality control procedures, which often result in the multiplication of products and services of variable and occasionally doubtful quality (Weinrauch, et al, 1991). The absence of accomplished management talent compels the owners of such businesses to personally supervise numerous and change operations and turn overs it difficult for them to truly centralize on marketing requirements, strategies and plans (Weinrauch, et al, 1991). This often results in ad hoc or inappropriately formulated and implemented marketing initiatives (Welsch, 2003). The lack of financial resources on the other hand constrains such businesses from piquant in expensive advertising and brand building strategies (Welsch, 2003). Such constraints, singly and jointly, make it extremely challenging for small firms to compete effectively in the market place, not just with larger competitors, but also with the many small firms that clutter most business sectors that do not posit for substantial investment o f capital, technology or other resources (Welsch, 2003).Whilst small businesses, when compared to large businesses, do suffer from numerous internal and external disadvantages, which in turn challenge their marketing and sales efforts, they also have certain attributes that can, if effectively make use ofd, help them in the market place (Casson, et al, 2006). With small businesses largely existence owner driven and having short chains of command, their decisiveness making processes are often significantly faster than those of large businesses (Casson, et al, 2006). This enables them to be much more nimble in the market place and enables them to respond swiftly to marketing and customer take (Casson, et al, 2006). The major strength of small businesses emanate from their owner managers, the majority of whom are entrepreneurial in nature and possess a number of traits that can help their organisations in various ways in the market place. Douglas Griest, (2010), bring in the cours e of a review of 23 studies on comparisons of large organisation managers with small company entrepreneurs that such entrepreneurs were more likely to be creative, innovative, and open to new ideas than managers of larger organisations (Griest, 2010). Griest also found that entrepreneurs were expected to be more confident, tough, demanding, driven by needs for proceeding and recognition, and aggressive in the market place. Entrepreneurs are also more likely to engage in environmental scanning for location of opportunities, develop strategies for the ontogenesis of opportunities and adapt to change, operate with flat management structures and make use of unaffixed networks than large company managers (Griest, 2010). many an(prenominal) of them also have creative minds and are able to develop truly innovative and need fulfilling products and services (Griest, 2010).It is obvious from the preceding discussion that the marketing challenges and environments of small firms are signifi cantly varied from those of large firms. Whilst the market competitiveness of small firms is seriously affected by the lack of diverse types of organisational resources, skills and strengths, they have the advantages of low operational costs, swift decision making abilities and the inclinations and tendencies to move with agility in the market place in response to customer needs.Suggestions for Marketing Strategies for Small FirmsOwner entrepreneurs, as well as managements of small companies moldiness essentially scan the importance of marketing for the performance, growth and competitive advantage of their organisations. Small business owners, as tell earlier, are often challenged by various responsibilities and the need to oversee different operational functions like production, finance and accounts (Wolff Pett, 2006). They also have to regularly act with the compliance needs of various legal and regulatory authorities. These pressures thus star to a dissipation of effort, d ilution of focus from important activities and confusion over prioritisation of managerial tasks (Wolff Pett, 2006). Emergent issues in areas of production, HR and environmental management often cod substantial chunks of available managerial time (Wolff Pett, 2006).It is, in these circumstances, essentially imperative for managements to realise that marketing constitutes one of the most important of organisational areas, especially so in smaller organisations that have to constantly face competition from various small and large organisations in their business sectors and are otherwise constrained by a range of internal and external issues (Voss, et al, 2002). The managements of small firms must realise that effective marketing is important for increase of consumer demand, better consumer relationship management, improved organisational image, development of organisational and product brands, enhancement of sales and growth of cyberspace (Voss, et al, 2002). Lack of attention to the marketing function can prove to be devastated to such organisations and result in reduction of consumer base, lack of consumer awareness, reduction in sales, profits and cash flows, lessening of competitive advantage and finally even to organisational decline and demise (Voss, et al, 2002). It is thus critical for small company owners to understand the importance of marketing for organisational health and wellbeing and prioritise their activities accordingly (Voss, et al, 2002).It is thereafter important to focus on marketing and develop appropriate marketing plans that address the immediate and midterm strategic and marketing objectives of individual organisations (Welsch, 2003). Marketing plans are complex exercises that entail critical evaluation of external environmental conditions, competitive evaluation and analysis, market analysis and customer segmentation with the use of various tools like ushers Five Forces analysis, examination of organisational strengths and weakne sses and finally the development of appropriate marketing mix and marketing budgets (Welsch, 2003). Owners of many small organisations feel such exercises to be too contingented, elaborate and essentially suited for large organisations (Welsch, 2003). Such attitudes are however fundamentally mistaken and deport to the development of organisational and marketing strategies and action plans that are often impulsive and heuristic in nature and taken without information and analysis of important environmental and organisational factors that could strongly allude the working of such organisations (Welsch, 2003).It is important for small organisations to engage in marketing analysis and develop marketing plans, even if they are conducted with lesser detail and greater simplicity than in large organisations (Pelham Clayson, 1998). Such an analysis volition help managements to understand the different environmental variables that can affect their business, the strengths and weaknesses of their competitors, their own strengths and weaknesses and available opportunities and potential threats (Pelham Clayson, 1998). Such analysis will enable them to secure that their marketing strategies do not run counter to environmental forces and that they can use their strengths to exploit market opportunities (Pelham Clayson, 1998).The development of an appropriate marketing mix is one of the most important objectives and outcomes of a properly executed marketing plan (Longenecker, et al, 2005). The marketing mix essentially details organisational strategies in areas of product placement, pricing, distribution and forwarding (Longenecker, et al, 2005). The development of a marketing plan will help small business owners to focus on these individual elements and take appropriate decisions after consideration of the actions of their competitors, environmental conditions, consumer needs and available resources (Longenecker, et al, 2005). Many small organisations again feel th e development of a marketing plan to be superfluous and irrelevant and engage in decisions that are chiefly based upon hunches, perceptions and attitudes (Maritz, 2008). Such attitudes are, as stated before fundamentally erroneous and can lead to the overlooking of important issues and lead to adverse operational, marketing and organisational outcomes (Maritz, 2008). Greater stress on pricing and lesser emphasis on distribution and advertising is a common mistake of most small business owners who work on the assumption that the bring home the baconing of cheap prices is the most important marketing strategy (Maritz, 2008). Such an attitude could however lead to lack of awareness about the product or service and its inaccessibility to customers who are willing to try them out (Maritz, 2008).The development of a marketing plan also may compels small business owners, not except to realise and understand a range of marketing issues but also builds an appreciation of the differences b etween small and large organisations in different operational and marketing areas.Small entrepreneurs and business owners must realise the completely different marketing challenges that face large and small organisations and adopt appropriate marketing mixes that are customised for their individual circumstances and organisations (Pelham Clayson, 1998). Small business owners must focus individually on each separate element of the product mix. The root element of the marketing mix concerns product positioning and placement (Pelham Clayson, 1998). Michael Porter in his theory of generic strategies states that business firms essentially need to make up ones mind between following a strategy of low cost or of product differentiation (Porter, 1998). Whilst Porters theory of generic strategies has been critiqued extensively with experts showing that it is affirmable for organisations in certain situations to differentiate their products as well as offer attractive prices, its tenets by and large hold good for small companies (Porter, 1998). Owners of small companies often feel that they can achieve competitive advantage because of their lower overheads. Such a concept is however fundamentally fallacious because it is difficult for such companies to truly achieve the scale economies that are possessed by larger organisations (Odaka Sawai, 1999). Increased focus on reduction of costs thus leads to corner cutting and ultimately to lower product quality. It is thus eminently advisable for small business owners to position their products differently from those of their competitors through and through the borrowing of appropriate product differentiation strategies that could stem out of unique product features or specific quality attributes (Odaka Sawai, 1999).Marketing experts feel that small businesses are ideally placed for the development of small marketing niches that allow them to focus on one specific segment (Van Der Hope, 2008). Niche marketing is genera lly an extension of the differentiation strategy advanced by Michael Porter. It is ideal for small companies because it allows them to concentrate their organisational, operational and marketing resources on one specific market segment and develop a product that is different from others and services the needs of a specific segment (Van Der Hope, 2008). Whilst niche marketing is particularly competent for small companies, it does have the risks of small market size (Van Der Hope, 2008). Demand in such circumstances is sustained by loyal customers rather than emergence target segments, it is also not very conducive to achievement of scale economies (Van Der Hope, 2008).Small businesses, apart from focusing on the positioning of their products and services must also formulate strategies for distribution and promotion (Hills, et al, 2008). Both distribution and promotion are expensive operations and concern numerous external agencies like distributors, retailers and advertising agenci es (Hills, et al, 2008). Small businesses must carefully look at the implications and costs of various distribution and promotional strategies to ensure optimisation of organisational spends and efforts (Hills, et al, 2008). Many small organisations refuse to face these problems squarely and end up operating at heart very small local areas and without any effective promotional activities (Hills, et al, 2008). Whilst such constraints were undoubtedly true to some extent in the past, the advent of the profit and its progressive proliferation across the world has changed the distribution and promotion opportunities of small firms beyond recognition (Mohan-Neill, 2006).Online marketing provides various opportunities to small organisations to distribute and promote their products (Mohan-Neill, 2006). numerous small organisations across the world provide a range of services in different areas of life that are delivered online across the internet to different areas of the world (Mohan-Ne ill, 2006). Many organisations that do not have products that can be distributed online use the internet to take orders and payments and thereafter deliver products and services through physical means like mail and courier (Mohan-Neill, 2006).The internet has also opened up numerous promotional avenues, not only through optimisation of website traffic through use of search engines but also through the use of numerous social networking alternative like facebook, my space, chirrup and YouTube (Maritz, 2008). Owners of small businesses should carefully formulate, develop and implement distribution and promotion plans in order to take maximum advantage of the various physical and online options that are available in the contemporary age (Maritz, 2008). Marketing plans should be integrated, make use of different marketing communication options like advertising, physical promotions and PR and most importantly make substantial use of online facilities (Maritz, 2008).ConclusionsThis essay d eals with the marketing challenges of small businesses, the ways in which these challenges are different from those faced by large organisations and the ways in which small businesses can optimise their marketing strategies and efforts. Small businesses are challenged by a number of marketing and environmental factors and are constrained by the various limitations of size and resources. Such factors are significantly different from those influencing the options and alternatives of larger organisations and need to be comprehensively examined and analysed for provision and development of appropriate strategies for achievement of business success, organisational growth and competitive advantage.Whilst small businesses do face numerous constrains and difficulties in marketing their goods and services, numerous opportunities have developed in recent years in areas of niche marketing and in distribution and promotion of their products with the use of online channels. It is important for owners of small businesses to carefully assess their environmental and organisational circumstances, identify businesses opportunities and make the best possible use of modern facilities for marketing their products, reaching customers and building strong customer relationships. new-fashioned years have witnessed the phenomenal growth of small business jumpstart ups in the online domain. Whilst small business owners do face numerous difficulties and challenges thoughtful analysis of marketing conditions, prioritisation of work and effective use of available facilities can certainly help them in growing their business and achieving organisational success.

Dracula Literary Analysis Essay

genus Dracula Literary Analysis EssayAlthough the idea of vampires had already been popular in folklore long before Bram Stoker wrote Dracula, his adaptation of the tale lead to the domain of champion of literatures most Symbolically sexualized characters. Dracula energize proven the 1897 sweet to be truly timeless. It is arguably one of the most beloved classics of gothic Literature. However, relying loosely on the text, modern renditions habitually bypass the more debatable subjects of fear inside the text as those fears relate to female sexuality and Homosexuality. By examining the Victorian era in which Dracula was scripted, looking tight At how the female characters are portrayed, the gender relations between the characters, and the blinding homosexual undertones of the sweet, this reflection go forth explore how the classic seamlessly manipulates the etymons of wo custodys sexuality, gender inversion, and likewise the headland of view of Bram Stoker. Dracula beco mes the famous horror new in the 15th century and as well an inspired many horror yarn after that.First person point of view is the predominate tie-up of Dracula. The fascinating thing nigh the book is that it takes on the viewpoint of several(prenominal) characters in the form of letters, journals, and diary entries. Occasionally there are third person accounts written as intelligence servicepaper articles. If the story were still written in third person or even in only one characters viewpoint the story would non unfold in quite the same way. The reader would not k straightaway more than the characters or be able to put things together long before the characters. It would not be nearly as suspenseful. Mina Murray Harker is the main character in the novel because we read her diary entries more than anyone elses. Mina is brave because she goes into dangerous situations attempt to save her friend Lucy. Mina is persistent in that she refuses to give up hope that they will d estroy Dracula. She is hard working as sh birth when she types up all the diaries and journals from several people so that all the information about Dracula is found in one place. Finally, Mina is also lawful to her husband and she is intelligent. Professor Van Helsing is one of the many minor characters in the novel. Van Helsing is an intelligent man, having studied unusual cases from all more or less the world. He is also a bit strange when he demands that the suffering Lucy violate garlic around her neck. Van Helsing is a loyal friend when he travels to London to help discover what is wrong with Lucy. Finally he is capable and determined. Dracula is written in journal entries, letters between friends, and password articles. Not only is it written in many forms, it uses many points of view. The journal entries, and letters are written in first person, but the news articles are written in third person. Because of these many points of view, the reader gets to fall upon how man y people view the situation with the Count and the sub-plots in the novel. The novel starts in first person point of view with Jonathon Harker. He seems to be a very practical man that pays attention to detail. Then the point of view shifts to letters between Mina Harker and Lucy Westenra. These two sweet girls have been best friends for years and who face disaster when Lucy begins to walk in her sleep. In between these letters a News article is told in a narrators voice. From there the point of view shifts to Dr. Seward. His journal entries are more concentrate on on facts and possible solutions. Along with Dr. Sewards entries, Professor Van Helsing does include his own thoughts on the problems and the solutions he views. This many shifts in point of view unremarkably wouldnt work, and cause the story to seem disjointed. Since the shifts are journal or diary entries, Stoker uses transitions well and makes the shifts not abrupt and work for the plot.One of the major(ip) estimatio ns in Dracula is the concept of Christian Salvation. This theme starts in the bloodline as Harker is traveling to Castle Dracula. The locals cross themselves, make the sign of the cross, and one puts a Rosary around Jonathon Harkers neck. We see Stoker using the theme that if a person will follow Christ salvation will be found in heaven and evil will be kept at bay. Another instance were Stoker is using the theme of Christian Salvation is when Van Helsing is brought into so save Lucy Westenra from the vampire hold. later on the Count arrives at London he begins his affair with Lucy, but not in the usual sense. The Count chooses beautiful women, then seduces and converts her while she sleeps. As Mina and Dr. Seward strive to keep Lucy alive, Professor Van Helsing arrives to aid Seward in saving Lucy. After realizing that Lucy is a vampire, a cross is kept around at all times Even though Lucy did become a vampire, it was through Christian Salvation that Van Helsing tried to save her . passim the novel Bram Stoker deals with the theme of beast versus humanity. The idea of same-sex erotica also confuses what it means to be a sexual being. The novel does not cut down homoerotic desire and threat rather it simply continues to diffuse and go it (Craft 111). As seen in the combination of male blood during the transfusion scene, men may only touch each other through women consequently Dracula uses the hyper-sexuality of the mutated women he controls in order to get to the men he really wants. He is the original supreme vampire and uses his offshoots of female vampires to ordinate his will and desire. My jackals will do my bidding when I want to feed, he claims (Stoker 360). For this reason, among others, numerous scholars have read the processes of biting, sucking, and sharing blood in Dracula as sexual, reproductive actions.Throughout the Dracula book I am now more clearly understand the culture and lifestyle of the 15th century. However, more important than the meaning behind the tangible concluding events, is the fact that within Dracula are the ever-present struggles to define, maintain, manipulate, and explore what it means to be a sexual being to struggle with duality. Stoker stretches the concept until it becomes as ill-shapen as his master villain, yet in the process, brings the reader closer to discovering the true spectrum of human sexuality.

A Marketing Analysis Of Pipers Crisps Marketing Essay

A Marketing Analysis Of pipers Crisps Marketing EssayA SWOT synopsis is a useful approach it helps to examine a vocation overview position in relation to its internal and external environments. A SWOT compend is and how it sess be used to assess and excogitation for strain organization developments(Book 1 what is a work PG 30) From the SWOT analysis the benevolent resource restrainment, ac comeing and finance, and merchandise give outs need to be establish. There is no clear organisational structure within the pipeline. The accounting character seems to be deficient clear information on pricing and atomic turn 18as to distribute their products. The selling function seem non to have a clear marketing strategy, as in that respect argon no clear lines for butt jointing customers or promoting the hunker down scores.How to strengthen Piper CrispHuman resources function- Clear organisational structureAccounting function- touch on price for their products with muc h places to consider their products nationally and internationallyMarketing function- involve a clear marketing strategy with co-ordination, involving the 4 Ps price, product, advancement and place to improve the marketing targetingQ B.Piper piercing is a crushed business and its less likely to have a formal organisational structure. However, it bequeath have its own characteristic culture. Two examples are from Drennan 1992, who proposed there are 12 key factors that shape the culture of a business the beguile of a dominant leader the vision, management style and personality of the pass or leader in a business often has a significant twist on the cling tos that the business tries to promote (Book 1 What is a business PG 47) Having a strong idealistic leader is a common factor Pipers Crisps go out have such a shaping culture. This is illustrated in the character reference conduct by A Alb one and only(a) refusal to sell his micro chips for Harrods and Prt a Manager be cause of his ideals.The second factor that volition influence the culture will be its goals and belief goals, values and beliefs reflected in objects, actions and language, that is, in Trice and Beyers symbols (Book 1 what is a business PG 47). The employees will have a common goal and belief within their corporation. This is showed in the possibility study by Pipers now creates special packets that include an east airline businesss fountain in the picture on the front a grand with other subtle plugs for the skyway (ECA PG 9)Piper chipping having a strong leader is where the culture will evolve from, he stands up for his ideals and he is not easily swayed by money or more business, this is showed by him turning down business from Harrods, Prt a autobus and major supermarkets.Question 4Marketing functionThe marketing mixes are a combination of price, product, runion and place that help to deliver a product in a successful approach to customersMarketers can influence this positioning by manipulating the marketing mix (Book 4 An introduction to marketing PG 16). Piper purse does not have a very clear marketing strategy as they are the more or less expensive acuates on the market. irrefut competent they have expressage places to sell their crisp. However human kindred marketing through promotional converse seems to be used to attract and keep customers.Francis Buttle 1996 theorized that products today are slackly the same, thus its hard to find a clear difference. Product tonicity has become world(a)ly high and businesses have found it increasely rugged to compete on superior pure tone alone as most competitors are able to offer similar quality. This is forcing businesses to seek competitive good in other ways (Book 4 An introduction to marketing PG 19) Piper crisp is achieving this marketing relationship by not selling in normal supermarkets and turning down well-known businesses to promote their own brand of high quality crisps, creatin g brand loyalty by stimulating the normal awareness by not selling out. This is demonstrated in the paper article entitled The uncouth revolution by Gareth Chadwick. The Independent Sunday, 20 knock against 2005Pipers crisp can increase sales by increase the use of free publicity of newspapers, media coverage and the internet. This can be achieved by utilise the internet to promote public interest at a national and global scale to sell their high quality products. thence amplifying the protrudes of being a small countryside company trying to take on bigger companies, hopefully this will gain public incite to procure their crisps which would be indicative of the publics on passing endure and solidarity. This is showed in the chart below. find out 4.4 .The promotional mix (Source Blythe, 2001, p. 175, Figure 9.3)Q. BTo develop a juicy relationship the internal (Micro) and external (Macro) environment shows a marketing relationship that suggests that Piper crisp is focused on the lifetime value of customers and providers. From the skid study These suppliers all have a story to discern and we tell it on the packets. Its a kind of joint branding, said Albone. We built our business on our relationship with suppliers (ECA PG 9). This shows that the Biggleswade Company and the Fiaz family are local suppliers and are objet dart of the crisp branding. By building long- boundary relationships with a smaller number of suppliers they can ensure reliability of supply, both in terms of quality and delivery (Book 4 An introduction to marketing PG 26)The customers are also having a long term marketing relationship with Piper crisp. This is showed in the case study. He argues, undercut his core of original customers those who backed him in the primeval grades. These are the pile who helped me and helped my business (ECA PG 9). This shows that Piper crisps values their customers opinions. Figure 2.1 shows this relationshipCustomers/ Eastern AirlinesPipers Crisp Biggleswade Fiaz familyQ. CFrom Piper crisp SWOT analysis two pressing human resources problems are according to Fowler 1996. There are no clear organisational structure in place which includes policies and aims. Secondly, Piper crisp must have the right staff in the right areas of the business, specially if there is a shortfall of quality people to hire. To run a successful business everyone must knows their area of reasonability. Different functions are creditworthy for making different aspects of the business happen, but have to work unitedly so that overall objectives can be achieved (Book 1 What is a business PG 59)Two problems the accounting and finance function faces are there is not a standard selling price in the stores for their crisps, this is the basis of accruement accounting the gross profit The idea is that each sale generates a profit which equals the sale price less the cost of whatever was sell (Book 3 An introduction to accounting and finance in business PG 37 ) the function has no idea what their products actual selling prices are in the stores. Secondly, places to sell their crisp are limited because A Albone does not urgency to sell in certain place for example super markets I dont emergency to sell to supermarkets, nor produce own label crisps, (ECA PG 9)Question 5The term power is used to identify an action that someone would not inevitably do without being told or promised something in return. Power, in the human context, has long been recognised as the ability to make someone do what they other would not (Book 5 Different ways of look at business PG 42). According to Watson, 2001, pp. 322-3, there are 3 belongingss of power. In Piper crisp there are 3 dimensions of powerAn interpersonal dimensionAn organisational-structural-cultural dimensionA societal-structural-cultural dimension.The interpersonal dimension face of power is on a personal one to one level, this is showed in the case study by R. Lake persuading A. Albone to m ake crisp for his airline. Although A. Albone said no initially, but it still happened- Richard Lake who owns Eastern Airlines, he says. He wanted us to make Eastern Airline crisps. I said no- Pipers now creates special packets that include an Eastern Airlines jet in the picture (ECA PG9)The organisational-structural-cultural dimension is to the highest degree the organisational relationships within Piper crisp company. A. Albone is the managing director and also 1 of 3 founders of Pipers crisp. Thus A. Albone will manage the company as he sees fit and his employees will follow his instructions. Plus there are 2 other men that help to pull money to form Pipers crisps. However its A. Albone decisions not to sell to Harrods and Prt a manager. This would have increase sales within the company thus increasing the return on the 2 men investments, selling to the Prt a manager or Harrods did not happen. This is showed in the case study- despite the personal invitation from the nations mo st famous grocer to produce branded crisps for one of the worlds most famous stores, 44-year-old farmer Alex Albone politely declined and Albone heads the sales team of tierce (from a staff of 15) (ECA PG 9)The third face of power is the societal-structural-cultural dimension this involves society. This is when people or groups in society exerts power on someone or the company to do something they would not necessarily have done, this also can be reversed, this is illustrated in the case study by Piper crisp customers. Their customers are disempowered they have to buy their crisps in certain locations and not pronto available in supermarkets because of Pipers crisps decisions not to sell to major retailers. Selling via the likes of Tesco or Sainsburys would also, he argues, undercut his core of original customers those who backed him in the proterozoic years. These are the people who helped me and helped my business. If I sold in the supermarkets it would undermine the value of th e brand.(ECA PG 9)Q.BPEST analysis stands for political (P), economic (E), social (S), and technological (T) analysis and lists a framework of external environmental factors. I am going to use this model to discuss Globalisation, Technology and Networks in Piper crispGlobalisation- is term the expansion of business activities It can be defined scarcely as the expansion of economic activities across political boundaries of nation states (Book 5 Different ways of spirit at business PG 32). This is the most primal trend.P. In the present Piper will have political support being a small countryside employer. This is showed by Pipers receiving a assignment storage to be started teamed up with two friends to invest 100,000 plus some grant aid to set up Pipers. (ECA PG 9) In the early Pipers should be able to expand into other countries as there is modify free traffic and reduce taxations within the UK and EU borders for small businesses.E. In the present Pipers is economically sta ble as they are making a profit wear year he saw pre-tax lettuce of 80,000 on a 1.3m turnover. This year he is looking to sell2m worth of crisps (ECA PG 9). In the future Pipers is looking to increase sales to 2 million, this can be archived by increasing exports to Norway and Ireland.S. In the UK society we like to eat lots of junk aliment We are a nation of snackers. (ECA PG 9) In the future this apprehension is a good working model and Pipers should be able to use this concept in different countries.T. Pipers is a small countryside employer. Piper is very traditionally based Provenance is very important to us. (ECA PG 9) In the future there is room to improve with new machinery for faster production and the use of the internet to market their products.Technology- Is the development of systems to indicate improvement this can also be information the development and growth of technological innovation which simplifies the production process (Book 5 Different ways of looking at b usiness PG 17)P. In the present Pipers are victimization the newspapers to gain public support about their issues of being a small town manufacturer taking on the big chains in Harrods and Prt a manager I dont want to sell to supermarkets, nor produce own label crisps, (ECA PG 9) This will be a local political debate about the support of small enterprise. In the future if Pipers continue to view their issues via the internet and smoke media coverage this powerfulness be a national political issue Business is booming again in the countryside but it needs more support if it is going to continue to grow The Independent Sunday, 20 March 2005.E. In the present Pipers will more likely be using information technology, to calculate their exports and accounts Last year he saw pre-tax profits of 80,000 on a 1.3m turnover. (ECA PG 9) In the future this can be improved with new software package for more timely and accurate information.S. In the present, Pipers is using also using information technology to market their products to society. In the future the internet and mass media can be used more to target consumers.T. In the present, Pipers faculty be using airplanes and trucks to distribute their products locally and internationally it means Pipers crisps are available across the UK (ECA PG 9)In the future Pipers might be using more airplanes to distribute their product nationally and internationally because it adds greater value or return to the business.Networks- are used to describe tractableness of teams or smaller divisions within business for a business to be flexible and manage quick responses without tying up resources (either assets or people) that are needed for other functions (Book 5 Different ways of looking at business PG 29)P. In the present, Pipers does not have much flexibility in dealing with political issues, a tax increase on small businesses might be detrimental to Pipers financial overview But rural businesses make a surprisingly healthy contr ibution to the overall implementation of the UK economy (ECA PG 9). In the future, Pipers might be able to pressure governments, if the company increases in size and is large enough to cause mass unemployment, by ceasing operations in a certain country or town.E. In the present, Pipers have a profitable relationship with their suppliers. They are part of the crisp branding These suppliers all have a story to tell, and we tell it on the packets. Its a kind of joint branding (ECA PG 9). In the future, pipers might want to buy these small suppliers to secure the branding rights and increase the efficiency of the supplier chain.S. Presently, Pipers is using their brand to create loyalty from customers. In the future Pipers might have a reward scheme or promotional card game to buy crisps at discount prices, thus reducing the need for general marketing. This will provide Pipers with a database of customers names and addresses.T. Currently, Pipers is using information for marketing and s ales. In the future this can be improved with new software and by the use of internet technology to increase sales.Word count 2489

Coronectomy Alternative Wisdom Teeth Extraction Health And Social Care Essay

Coronectomy Alternative Wisdom Teeth Extraction wellness And Social Cargon EssayClinical ScenarioA female tolerant aged 23 attends her cosmopolitan dental consonant consonant practitioner with repeated episodes of cark from the back of her take down lecture. Intra oral examination reveals swelling, soreness and erythema overlying the operculum of a partially extravasateed light tooth, indicating pericoronitis. Radiographic examination reveals an impacted wisdom tooth with change of the root and loss of the humble alveolar canal lamina dura.Realising the electromotive force complications, the general dental practitioner refers the longanimous to the oral and maxillo seventh cranial pith department of the dental hospital where you ar working as a Senior tin Officer. Upon consultation, the patient reveals that she is worried ab unwrap the complications associated with the effect, and whether it allow for move her future career as an actress. She informs you that a fr iend of hers recently underwent wisdom tooth pedigree and as a number can no longer feel her lower lip and tongue. She asks you questions such as what are the go ons of this happening to me? how long will it last? and is there are any alternative treatments? Upon reviewing the radiographs, you realise the associated game risk of pith maltreat to this patient, and recall that you recently overheard a sheik colleague talking about coronectomy as an alternative to extraction of wisdom dentition. You remember the colleague saying that this technique reduces post operative complications, and query if this technique would be a suitable treatment option for this patient. onwards informing the patient, you want to know if there is any evidence to bear this technique, and its potential harms and benefits.IntroductionIf present, trey grinder teeth normally erupt between the ages of eighteen and twenty four.3 An evolutionary reduction in jaw size coupled with a less abrasive diet makes the line of work of impacted wisdom teeth somewhat inevitable in newfangled humans.1 Impaction arises when there is prevention of realised tooth eruption due to pretermit of space, obstruction or development in an abnormal position.3 This may result in the tooth erupting partially or not at all. Pericoronitis can be defined as an infection involving the soft tissues surrounding the crown of a partially erupting tooth, and is the most common reason for wisdom tooth extraction. Its signs and symptoms include facial and intra-oral swelling, soreness, erythema, trismus, raised temperature, lymphadenopathy and general malaise.Hospital episode statistics for 2009/2010 show almost 12,000 out patient and 65,000 in patient admissions for surgical removal of wisdom teeth, fashioning it the most common oral surgery procedure performed in the UK.The beautiful guidelines for extraction of third molar teeth suggest that their surgical removal should be limited to patients with evide nce of pathology.3 Such pathology includes unrestorable caries, non-treatable pulpal and/or periapical pathology, cellulitis, abscess and osteomyelitis, internal/ orthogonal resorption of the tooth or adjacent teeth, fracture of tooth, disease of the follicle including cyst/tumour, tooth/teeth impeding jaw surgery, and when a tooth is involved in or deep down the field of tumour resection.3 According to the NICE guidelines wisdom tooth extractions cost the NHS in England and Wales up to 12million per year.3 The guidelines published in 2000 dramatically changed the practice of wisdom tooth extraction. The guidelines do not support the prophylactic removal of pathology free impacted third molars, even in situations where future pathology is inevitable. This is a topic of huge hand at present.Unfortunately the removal of third molar teeth has potential complications. These include damage to the wanting(p) alveolar and linguistic nerves, pain, swelling, infection, haemorrhage and alv eolar osteitis. Damage to the inferior alveolar nerve may occur if the nerve and tooth are in close law of proximity. The intimate relationship of the nerve and the tooth is most commonly observed on panoral radiography. At present research into the benefits of strobilus beam computed tomography is underway, and shows promising results for assessing teeth in close proximity to the inferior alveolar nerve canal. There are several radiological signs visible on regular radiographs that predispose to change magnitude likelihood of inferior alveolar nerve spot (see figure 1).5 These includeCanal devianceCanal narrowingPeriapical radiolucencyNarrowing of the rootDarkening of the rootscurved of the rootLoss of canal lamina dura.5Figure 1 Radiographic signs of change magnitude risk to the inferior alveolar nerve.5Nerve damage is also a potential complication, the majority of which are temporary but permanent hypoaesthesia, paresthesia or even more worryingly dysaesthesia may occur. (Se e table 1 for definitions).Table 1 Definitions of different pain pathologies.8Research into nerve damage by Seddon and Sunderland classified five degrees of nerve reproach ranging from conduction plosive consonant to complete transaction of nerve fibres.9 Each of these five degrees of nerve injury may be created by wisdom tooth extraction.9 Different methods of nerve injury include compression injuries causing neuropraxia, crush injuries inducing wallerian degeneration, stretch injuries such as that possible during lingual retraction and complete nerve sectioning.8 suffering to the nerve can occur from its compression either directly by elevators or indirectly by forces on the root during extraction.This neurosensory deficit associated with nerve damage can cause problems with speech and mastication, which may consequently affect the patients quality of life. Third molar surgery related inferior alveolar nerve injury has been reported as temporary in up to 8% of cases, and perman ent in up to 3.6%.6,7 Risk factors include increased age of patient, difficult extraction and perhaps most importantly, the proximity of the tooth to the inferior alveolar nerve canal.Many different surgical techniques and approaches to wisdom tooth extraction exist with evidence of geographic preferences. A buccal mucoperiosteal work over is unremarkably raised using a Howarths or similar periosteal elevator. Opinion varies as to whether a lingual flap should be raised. This improves visibility and involves protecting of the lingual nerve using a Howarths elevator or retractor. This has traditionally been the procedure of choice in the UK. It is less common in Europe and the ground forces where the lingual flap is not used in order to empty possible damage to the lingual nerve. The tooth can wherefore be sectional if necessary to assist removal using a Cryers or Warwick-James elevator. meliorate by primary intention is ideal, however in practice this is seldom achieved and su tures may be get hold ofed to assist healing.Coronectomy is an alternative procedure to complete extraction and aims to remove the crown of an impacted Mandibular third molar whilst leaving the root undisturbed. It involves raising a buccal flap with sequent removal of buccal bone down to the amelocemental junction of the tooth. The crown is then partly sectioned from the root using a fissure bur, and overhead railway using a suitable instrument. There is a small chance that on elevation the roots may loosen and become mobile.2 This is more and more likely in young females, and those with conically shaped roots.2 If the roots are mobilised, they must be removed. A rose head bur should be used to remove any remaining enamel from the tooth, and the buccal flap closed using 4/0 Vicryl sutures. There is no need to medicate the pulp and antibiotics are conta-indicated. Pre- and post-operative corsodyl mouthwash, and good oral hygiene are sufficient. Alveolar osteitis is a possible pos t-operative complication and patients must be do aware of this and the need to seek further treatment if there is relentless pain or swelling. The tooth must be high risk, vital and the patient must not be immunocompromised.

Music, Technology and Society :: Music Technology Society

medical specialty and the relationships of medicinal drug have changed drastically in our society. The socio-economic class of studies and the evaluations of the applications of the engine room of symphony, the making and the listening of euphony have changed in the manner we listen to music, the styles of music in our society and in the media. The importance of the technology in music today, has, over the past century been charted through the assume of musical examples and through viewing how human values are reflected in this centurys timely music. There are very many different types of music that are listened to. There are readings, writings, lectures and discussions on all the different types of music.Music is found in every know culture, past and present. It is also, already being composed for the future. It is widely varied amid all times and places. Since scientists think that the modern humans arrived in the African culture more than 160,000 years ago, aro und 50,000 years ago, it is believed that the scattering of music has been being actual between all cultures in the world. Even the most isolated tribal groups are thought to have had a form of music.It has been scientists belief that music must(prenominal) have been present in the ancestral population prior to the dispersal of humans around the world. Therefore it is believed that music must have been in existence for at least 50,000 years, with the first music being invented in Africa and then evolving into becoming a fundamental constituent of human life. all culture of music is influenced by the aspect of their culture, including their social and economic organization, climate, and entranceway to technology. People express their emotions and ideas through their music. Music expresses the situations and how music is listened to and played. The attitude towards music players and composers varies between regions and periods of history. Music history is the distinct subfi eld of musicology and history which studies music (particularly western art music) from a chronological perspective. (History of Music)The first music era know to man was the Prehistoric Music. This was quite possibly influenced by birds singing and other animal sounds as they were communicating with each other. It was developed with the backdrop of natural sounds. Some evolutionary biologists have theorized that the ability to signalise sounds not created by humans as musical provides a discriminating advantage.

IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System Essay -- Marine Technology Ess

IOOS Integrated maritime Observing System Oceans cover over 70% of our planet, yet very little is known about their biological content, forcible systems, and how, both together and individually, they affect our planet. Understanding the affect the marine has on weather, climate changes, and the ecosystems of the planet atomic number 18 of ever-increasing interest to the human population. Studies, experiments, and more ar presently being conducted by various means, sources, and organizations. Due to the this vast metre of monitoring, a need has arisen to collect and combine this data into one ballpark database that more than a few individuals and organizations have access to. In range to meet this need the Integrated Ocean Observing System, or IOOS, is currently being developed in the United States. The need for a reciprocal database has arisen from the large number of ever increasing oceanographic studies that are being conducted. many new experiments ar e being conducted on how the ocean affects our environment. This includes global melt and the study of whether or not long-term changes in the oceans (are) naturally occurring, orthe result of human activities.1 Without the knowledge of possible fluctuation of the oceans temperature and salinity (to name only two factors) over time, it is unrealistic to say if we are facing a serious rise in the basiss temperature or if this is simply a cycle the earth undergoes every few million years. Scientists are studying how shelf body of water is transferred at the continental shelf break to the inner basin in hopes that this will provide them with the answers on arctic warming trends.2 Other scientists are studying how oceans store and transport vast amounts of heat and fresh... ...10 internal Ocean Research Leadership Council, Ocean.US, Implementation of the Initial U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System Part I Structure and Governance (Arlington, Virginia 2003), .11 Kite -Powell, Hauke L., Charles S. Colgan, and Rodney Weiher, Economics of an Integrated Ocean Observing System, Marine engineering ships company Journal 37 (2003), 12 Jan. 2004, .12 West, Richard D., IOOS Discovery and Education, Marine Technology hostel Journal 37 (2003), 12 Jan. 2004, .13 Watkins, James D., why the U.S. needs an Integrated Ocean Observing System, Marine Technology Society Journal 37 (2003), 12 Jan. 2004, .

law :: essays research papers

asdfadsfDave Bad DoctorObtained from Kids in the hallway FAQDave Wanna subsist something? Im a bad doctor. Im not boasting. I mean, who would? Just stating a fact that Ive never really gotten the hang of the whole healing-the-sick thing. And dont interpret this as some sort of false modesty, please its not, its not like Im weak in some areas. No, Im homogeneously unqualified to radiation pattern medicine in any capacity. I *really* dont wear a clue. And no one could be more shocked than me that Ive been allowed to rise to a position of such importance and responsibility. I guess it all started in high school where I was a very bad intuition student. One day when we were supposed to be dissecting a frog, I by chance disassembled my desk. Oh, barely, you know, I was a popular kid. You know, the otherwise students were always eager to serve me out. So you know, during a test whenever Id get that *confused* look on my face - which was invariably - well, the cheat notes would f airish start flying even the teachers would start whispering answers, you know, *ahem* mitochondria... But I didnt worry about it. I figured, how far could you coast on charm? Well, pretty far, actually They just offered me the job of Chief of Surgery. Apparently, Ive logged more hours in surgery than any other man my age. Four thousand hours this year alone. What no one seems to have noticed that it was all with the same patient. Oh I wanna show. Oh, I extremity to show you something. You know what this is? Urine. Another mans urine, aonther mans urine. I film for it, and they give it to me I dont know what to do with it Ive got a fridge bounteous of this stuff. I mean, I suppose I could send it out to the lab, but theyd only send back a lot of test results that I couldnt possibly understand. The only thing Im actually sorta good at is referrals. You know that thing where doctors send patients to other doctors. Well, Im the king of referrals. What I do is I call the, uh, the sic k person into my office, and I stare for a languish time really seriously at this blank sheet of paper.

Easter Vigil :: essays research papers

The Easter Vigil is agglomerate in which we commemorate saviour for his commodious sufferings. He was crucified on the cross so that we may one solar day spend all eternity with He and God. Most of the time the religious service begins around seven oclock and held inside the Church structure with its people. For symbolic purposes, there is no Holy water we are quite blessed during the ritual itself in order to memorialize our vows, taken at baptism. When mass initiates all lights have already been turned off, everyone has instead been minded(p) a candle. This is then light up when the Pascal candle has been lit. In the beginning, the bend of the church comes to the altar they have the candle held sometimes upon there shoulder, and pass on it around the church. This is done in my parish where my pastor usually desires to attain the largest candles, and agree to the administrator, it is the largest candle in America. While they haul this massive candle passim the church, t he congregation resonate chants these are used to praise God and Jesus for his great love for us. When finishing its circumvention, it is brought before the altar. When having reached the altar the candle is position on a pedestal and ignited. The flames from this candle are then overlap with the whole community, starting line given to the alter servers, which are then divided with everyone else. Afterwards, the ordained read a story from the bible. Then the lights are lit up and we are asked to extinguish the flames of our candles. The priests rise once again and obtain us to the Easter vigil. We confess our sins alike(p) every other mass and then recite the litany. The fore mass ends with the opening prayer, or first oration.The liturgy comprises of several readings, most of the time, three. They consist of a medley from the experienced Testament, and sometimes from the New Testament usually from the Epistle, which are followed by a chant for the Gospel procession. The gosp el is usually from Luke, which has the most complete Resurrection story. In my opinion, I think that readings from Lukes Gospel of Jesus resurrection affect me most. I believe that they are more significant because they enable us to followup what Jesus, and his followers had gone through. It also emphasizes how we can rise just like Christ did.

Disconnection Essay -- essays research papers

When people are feeling down or in that location is something wrong with them they tend to disconnect from the world and go into whiz of their own. In this pop they find comfort and safety and it is somewhere that no one can bother them for the time being. I myself find comfort retributory lying in my bed staring at the ceiling and undirected off in thought. For artists though, they are qualified to find this comforting place in music. Blink 182, Linkin Park, and NAS are some of the famous artists that are sufficient to disconnect from the world through their songs. They are able to get in all of there thoughts out through music and the world has a take on to hear them.     In NAS song "Hate me Now" he feels undo because there are people in the world that hate him for what he has and they are jealous. This must affect him in such a personal manner that he has to express it. "Dont hate me, hate the money I see, garb that I buy, ice that I w ear, clothes that I try, close your eye". He expresses in this lyric that he doesnt feel the ingest for people to hate him as a person. He feels that just now because he has a lot of money people dont resembling him, but they do not even know him at all, just that he has money. Because of all these people hating him he feels the need to disconnect in lyrical form and express it to the world.     Linkin Park is a group that is able to disconnect from the world as one. "I tried so problematic and got so far, but i...

Downfall and Destruction of Oedipus the King :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Destruction of Oedipus the King The events in the play Oedipus the King assign an underlying relationship of mans expel will existing within the cosmic order or fate that the Greeks countd guided the universe. Man was given the emancipation to choose ones own acitons, and was ultimately held responsible for them. Both ideas of fate and free will played an undividing role in his destruction. Clarence Miller considered the killing of his puzzle to be fate. This is what I consider that if fate is meant to be by a God, there is no way of avoiding fate, Miller said. Another theme in the story is of truth and freedom. In the Bible, Christ says, know the truth and it shall clique you free. Pieris Berreitter felt that the whole belief of truth brings ab bug out a paradox of what is written in literature. When Oedipus learns of the truth he does not walk on air or thank gods for the freedom it has brought instead he stabs his eyes out and loses his honor and his kingdom, argues B erreitter. He goes on to say, Can this be freedom, and if in event it is,are those who discover a dark tragic past destined to find as Oedipus did? He makes a very good point,is the truth sometimes to much for one to handle? Yes sometimes it is, but it is a certain hero that can find the strength to overcome it. I take the most tragic part of the story was how he handled the truth astir(predicate) his birth parents. I am sure it was awful for him to come to the realisation of his fate coming true, but it wasnt all his fault. He did not receive complete control of the situation, especially when he was younger. When we are children, we are innocent. We believe what we are told to believe and nothing else. He was told that he would kill his develop and betrothe his mother, so he fled Corinth. He was not fleeing his past, as Berreitter states, he was arduous to stop the tragedy of the future. If he only knew the truth about his surrogate parents, then he would have stayed in Corinth and never had met up with his father.Today, bulk could learn from Oedipuss mistake. Though the truth can be tough to hear, we submit to learn how to handle it.

Rape: A Living Nightmare Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Rape A Living Nightmare Is anyone rightfully a stranger to nightmares? Has anyone not woken up in a hectic sweat with a racing pulse or pounding cheek? Whose eyes have neer wildly searched their room for the phantoms of a dream? Now, what if the familiar consolation of learning it was only in your head never came? How do you wake up from a nightmare that is, in fact, a reality? I think Im getting out front of myself. What I mean to say is, I was attackd, and rape is a nightmare. I am a 19-year-old girl, far too old to think I know everything. I dont pretend to be an respectable on rape. Having known the feel of a cold blade press to my side gave me no superior understanding of the crime, only a short scar to remember it by. Thus I offer you no solution. I cannot say with any conviction that my writing will help to hold on even one person from being subjected to a similar fate. to begin with youve read to the bottom of this page three more girls will be sexually assau lted, one girl will be raped. Neither the volubility of my words, nor the fervor of my voice will have changed a thing.The golf-club we red-hot in is rape-conducive, rape-friendly, if you will. Despite the anger I feel joining those cardinal words together, I know the sad paradox holds within it a great deal of truth. We are a violent society that has shrouded rape in mystery and shame. To go over this nightmares venomous crusades, all people must wage a private war to sweep away their own acceptance of the savage crime. While it is only a nonage of men that actually commit rape, it is everyones silence that tells them its ok. to begin with my emotions coerce me into preaching about the atrocity I survived, excuse me, am surviving, I think some clarifications are in order. L... ... calm craving is counterfeit. If you must be angry, be angry that by doing nothing to stop the assaults you have been made both the victim and the rapist measure and time again. If you have a choice, though, choose to be upset. Be upset that it is our society that is responsible for rape and this nightmares reign over women. BibliographyBode, Janet. The Voices of Rape. sunrise(prenominal) York Franklin Watts (1990)Ehrhart, Julie K. Campus Gang Rape Party Games? Washington Association of American Colleges Gordon, Margaret T. The pistillate Fear. New York The Free Press (1989)Hilberman, Elaine. The Rape Victim. Washington American psychiatrical Association (1976)Macdonald, John. Rape Offenders and Their Victims. Springfield Charles C Thomas Publisher (1971)Schwartz, Martin D. knowledgeable Assault on the College Campus. Thousand Oaks Sage Publications (1997)

Missing Children Essay -- Law, Adam Walsh

The case of six-year old Adam Walsh is perhaps unrivaled that will never leave the minds of anyone initi all toldy horrified by its details. In 1981 young Adam was kidnapped from a local mall and regardless of tireless efforts by his parents John and Reve Walsh, volunteers, and righteousness enforcement Adam fell victim to execution of instrument. cardinal weeks after the boy went missing, his decapitated head was located, but his body was never found. This prompted his father John Walsh to start a campaign and legislature indemnity submission toward more stringent accountability for child crime offenders. The murder transformed John Walshs life, turning him from a middle-class hotel marketing administrator into one of countrys best known advocates for missing children (Thomas, 2008). In this paper, the initial legislative policy signed into law by President George W. Bush and the present-day(prenominal) policy addition initiative sought by Mr. Walsh is examined. The Sc ope of the green lightWith the signing of the initial policy by President Bush in 2006, the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety doing became law. Aforementioned, the policy guiding was to enact tougher laws on child predators however the policy contains two supererogatory provisions that would violate states rights and state policys before long in place for adoptive, further, and relative caregivers. The two provisions contained in the Adam Walsh law are to follow. 1.Modified existing requirements for conducting criminal background checks2.Created a revolutionary requirement to conduct child abuse registry checks of prospective foster and adoptive parents.(Miller, 2007). The policy provisions left the states the discretion of choosing placement however, if those in the household filing for adoption or fostering o... ...l, such as in Morses report cited, now have the fortune to voice concerns and suggestions. ConclusionThe Adam Walsh Act while regulatory and legislativ e, subdued requires changes before all parties affected stand united in approval. Whereas sexual intercourse could use its spending power to encourage state compliance, not all states would view this as constitutional. There is much to do concerning this act, but the takings is unpredictable. Current filings to repeal or revise the entire Adam Walsh Act exist such as by Citizens for Change in America, represented by Michael R. Handler. The repeal document cites the AWA as being draconian and exit against Due Process and the Bail Reform Act of 1984. Only cadence will prove the Adam Walsh Act is successful as currently written, but undoubtedly there are changes to come with such underground and reasoning.

Attitudes to War in Dulce et Decorum est and Drummer Hodge. Essay

Attitudes to War in Dulce et Decorum est and Drummer Hodge.Life wasnt easy for soldiers in the contend as Wilfred Owen and doubting ThomasHardy express strongly in their leg residuumary poems Dulce et Decorum estand Drummer Hodge. ray of light Porter writes just abtaboo the situation peoplemay find themselves in when in, his poem Your Attention Please, hedescribes an announcement concerning a nuclear rocket Strike.Wilfred Owen died at the age of 25 and was killed seven days beforethe end of World War 1. He is regarded as one of the most well-known(a)war poets of the 20th Century, having written an astonishing 110poems. Under the limit of Romantic, early 19th Century poets suchas Wordsworth, Keats and Shelley, Owen produced Dulce Et Decorum Estwhich revealed the honor behind war, the grief and suffering caused.Wilfred Owen wanted to dismiss the idea of dawdle as a motivation tofight in the war two-year-old men believed that fighting in the war wouldmake them heroes and that g irls would be perfervid about them. Ofcourse many men didnt have an option in the matter wives andgirlfriends chose not to stay with their man if they didnt fight inthe war, so men were forced to join up. The fact that their partnerwouldnt stick by them was one reason but if they didnt join thewhole society would panorama down on them with disgrace they werent menif they didnt fight for their country.Dulce Et Decorum Est speaks about the severe drowsiness of thesoldiers on their way back from the front someoneal line of credit and the sudden paniccaused when the soldiers are hit unexpectedly with a fuck up attack. Thepoem begins with a simile, Bent double, like old beggars undersacks. This indicates the boundary of the load the men had to carrywith... ...uses similessuch as like a man in fire or lime where the man is in pain and isstruggling to stay alive. Alliteration is used in some(prenominal) Owen andHardys poems. Most of Dulce et Decorum est is written in the 1stperson positioning but many times it changes to 3rd person. When itsin 1st person it gives us the feeling of reality and truth behind thepoem.In conclusion, war brings a great deal of pain and suffering so itshouldnt be under-estimated. Wilfred Owen, Thomas Hardy and PeterPorter all bring crosswise the reality behind war and the torture itbrings with it. Personally my favourite out of the three is Dulce etDecorum est as I know its a authoritative account of what happened in the warbecause Wilfred Owen was a soldier and died in action. I thought thispoem contained a lot of discomfort and misery fashioning it more out ofthe ordinary and authentic.

Free Essay: A Closer Reading of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

A Closer Reading of one-year-old Goodman brown Last year, in my final year of high school, we were assigned to sym racecourseize Nathaniel Hawthornes untested Goodman dark-brown. At the time, I didnt con the story too virtually and I missed much of the symbolism. However, upon reading it this semester, I now deem it much more because it brings the reader through a roller coaster of emotions and forces him to entail introspectively. When it starts off, I felt suspense his wifes urging him not to go learn off emergency flashers in my mind. I could feel in my swot up that something bad was going to come to pass. Once he had begun his journey, the noticeting of that journey was erst over once again pretty creepy. He had taken a dreary road, darken by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow room creep through, and closed immediately behind (376). I was fearful for Young Goodman embrown, and I was hoping that he would get to return to his wife, aptly throwd Faith. The fact that her tell was Faith seemed emblematical to me. I made a mental pull down to analyze after I had finished reading, why Hawthorne had named her Faith. The surreal characteristics of the running and the forest he was in, only added to the suspense when he met his companion. Based on the description of this traveler, I came to the assumption that this was Young Goodman Brown in the future. Im not really sure if that assumption is valid or not, but that was my sign response. I pretend its interesting that my initial response is a occult arts one a Back to the Future kind of response, where a somebody meets himself or herself in the future. This story gave me a creepy feeling, like a good horror story. The suspense of not knowing what was going to snuff it next, while all the while expecting something dramatic, quickened my heartbeat. Young Goodman Brown then meets his catechism teacher, which is symbolic of a soulfulness he assumed was very pious and automatically going to go to Heaven. It seemed to me that this story is all about hypocrisy, and how even the close to pious-seeming people still have skeletons in their closet. This was later evidenced again when he finally got to the altar in the middle of the forest and he sees the spectacle.Free Essay A Closer Reading of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown YGBA Closer Reading of Young Goodman Brown Last year, in my final year of high school, we were assigned to read Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown. At the time, I didnt read the story too fast and I missed much of the symbolism. However, upon reading it this semester, I now assess it much more because it brings the reader through a roller coaster of emotions and forces him to think introspectively. When it starts off, I felt suspense his wifes urging him not to go set off emergency flashers in my mind. I could feel in my cram that something bad was going to happen. Once he had begun his journey, the setting of that journey was one time again pretty creepy. He had taken a dreary road, change by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow manner creep through, and closed immediately behind (376). I was fearful for Young Goodman Brown, and I was hoping that he would get to return to his wife, aptly named Faith. The fact that her name was Faith seemed symbolic to me. I made a mental stemma to analyze after I had finished reading, why Hawthorne had named her Faith. The surreal characteristics of the path and the forest he was in, only added to the suspense when he met his companion. Based on the description of this traveler, I came to the assumption that this was Young Goodman Brown in the future. Im not really sure if that assumption is valid or not, but that was my initial response. I think its interesting that my initial response is a marvelous one a Back to the Future kind of response, where a person meets himself or herself in the future. This story gave me a creepy feeling, like a good horror story. The suspense of not knowing what was going to happen next, while all the while expecting something dramatic, quickened my heartbeat. Young Goodman Brown then meets his catechism teacher, which is symbolic of a person he assumed was very pious and automatically going to go to Heaven. It seemed to me that this story is all about hypocrisy, and how even the around pious-seeming people still have skeletons in their closet. This was later evidenced again when he finally got to the altar in the middle of the forest and he sees the spectacle.

The Capulet Family in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Romeo and Juliet Essays

The Capulet Family in Romeo and Juliet         The Capulet family is mavin of pride and high social standing.  It consists of Lord and madam Capulet, their young daughter Juliet, and their kinsman Tybalt. They have a nurse, as well, who has taken make out if Juliet since she was born. They collar along quite well, yet, like all families they have their differences.         However, one thing that happens frequently when two members of the family disagree on something, is that usually someone gives in to their superior, regardless if they agree or not.  One example is when Romeo shows up at the Capulets party uninvited and Tybalt wants to throw him out.  Lord Capulet objects to this by saying, He shall be endured...I say he shall...Am I the master here or you?  For a little bit, Tybalt argues, but he very soon backs see and lets Capulet have his way.         Perhaps the reason why this happens is because the inferior person is slenderly intimidated by the superior.  This intimidation that some of the characters produce on to each one other shows that there is not a great deal of confabulation in the family.  Throughout Act I, there were several much examples of characters submissive to others and not standing up for what they believe.  For instance, when Lady Capulet brought up the idea of Juliet marrying Paris, Juliet provided went along with the concept , nevertheless though that was possibly not what she wanted.         An  even more significant instance of such a thing occurring is the fact that Juliet fe atomic number 18d to tell her p arnts that she had fallen in love with Romeo, a Montague.  She knew that if she informed them of how she felt, they would get angry and maybe disown her, just because of their hate for all Montagues.         That is other of the Capulet fam ilys flaws.  They are rather narrow-minded because of their continuing, senseless conflict with the Montagues.  Both households are of equal fault in this case, but that only proves that the two families are alike in that way.  Even still, if the Capulets believe that they truly are the more dignified, they should have ceased their dispute earlier and prevented their daughters unhappiness (and eventually death).

Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Statement Essa

Philosophy of education There comes a definite time in the life of all individual when a clear and conscious comprehension of identity must(prenominal) be established. A person must ask himself who he is, what his own(prenominal) strengths are, and what path he wishes to act in order to shape his future tense and procure his dreams. I recently found myself at such a crossroads, and I faced the decision with much ambivalence. I was influenced by my tall school peers and instructors to do something incredible with my promising life to pursue medical exam school or law school. I, however, failed to see the appeal in all and opted instead for my own variation on an incredible future. I chose to pursue not only a career, except a cause and personalised goal as well. After much deliberation, I decided that principle high school English was the only endeavor that promised to reward me with the pleasure for which I longed. I realized that I could not only get my own temper for literature, but that I could also hopefully steep that same passion into the hearts of students. Many have since criticized my dreams and my aspirations as mediocre, but I argue that every man, woman, and child is a product of at least one exemplary educator. Education, in one form or another, shapes the lives of everyone on a daily basis. Educators, to me, are the unsung heroes of modern culture. I realize, of course, that not everyone is called to teach. I feel that only those with a true passion and love of knowledge should even consider the profession and way of life. In terms of the instructor that I will be, I hope to reflect a number of influences from my own education. Ive always admired teachers who squeeze time to personalize their classrooms teac... ...n, if met with the opportunity, I would love to sexual union one or more in order to gain valuable insight from familiar spirit educators. The American statesman Edward Everett once stated that, Education is a violate safeguard of liberty than a standing army. Indeed, the educated individual is empirically liberated. Knowledge is power, and he who has it, powerful. This rousing sentiment establishes teacher as granting immunity fighter, aiding daily in the demolition of ignorances bondage. It is my solemn vow to join these celebrated ranks in the crusade for knowledge. Many small children dream of comely astronauts and firefighters because of their formidable accomplishments and heroic statures. Similarly, I will be a teacher I will work with diligence, fervor, and compassion to change the lives and thought processes of students, for I can think of no nobler contribution.

New Zealand :: essays research papers fc

NEW ZEALANDThe republic that I am doing for my report is unsanded Zealand. New Zealand is made up of two Islands. The mating and the south islands. It is located in the south pacific by Australia. The kickoff race to settle New Zealand came everyplace from east Polynesia by canoe during the 10th century. These bulk were called the Maori. According to a Maori legend, a man may have arrived in New Zealand during about 950 ad, but this can non be proven. The Maori people lived on the Island on native fruits and vegetables and animals, and they also brought over plants and livestock from Polynesia. The Maori were usually peaceful, but some quantifys had wars over the best land. They lived in earth-made structures similar to the adobes of Mexico. The first European to sight New Zealand was Abel Tasman in 1642. The Maori people kept him from landing on the Islands. They attacked his ship by canoes and killed four of his sailors. He never returned to New Zealand. In 1769, an Englis h explorer, Captain James Cook, was direct to New Zealand on a scientific investigation. He mapped all of the wedlock and south Islands and made reports on trade and colonizing. These reports were good and attracted many people to New Zealand, including the French, Italian, and American explorers. By the 18th century, there were 180,000 Maori people on the north and south islands of New Zealand. During 1840, the treaty of Waitangi was signed betwixt the British and the Maori people. It gave the British a right to colonize the Islands and trade with the Maori people. In 1907, the Islands were state a dominion of Great Britain. In 1935, It was declared an independent country and was named New Zealand. The present day government and standard of living in New Zealand is very much like that of the U.S. At one time the yearly income of New Zealanders was level better than the U.S. and Great Britain. The people of New Zealand have freedom of religion. The main religion in New Zealand is Christianity, even though there are Jehovahs Witnesses, Muslims, Amish, and many more. The Maori religion is also a major religion. The people of New Zealand have a mix between Britain and Australian accents. The main exports of New Zealand are wool and dairy products. thither are over 100,000 sheep in New Zealand.